The 1922 Steinway grand piano was long used by students at the Michigan School for the Blind, where Wonder, a child prodigy, studied in the mid-1960s.
Wonder signed with Motown at the age of 11 and went on to become a singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
Museum spokeswoman Roberta WIlliams told The Courier-Journal the piano will be on loan indefinitely. It goes on display starting Oct. 11.
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